Dutch (nl)

In this article you will find graphemes and phonemes for Dutch Speech to Text and Keyword Spotting.

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Each language has a specific set of graphemes and phonemes that were used to train the Speech Recognition systems. Only these sets can be used for spelling keywords or preferred phrases and defining their pronunciations.

Graphemes

These are the valid graphemes to be used for spelling.
' - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Á Ä Ç È É Ê Ë Í Î Ï Ó Ö Ú Û Ü á ä ç è é ê ë í î ï ó ö ú û ü

Phonemes

These are the valid phonemes to be used for defining pronunciations.

Phoneme	Possible graphemes	Example words	Phonemic representation
a	a aa	ademen lazert koolsla aantal apenstaartje	a d @ m @ n l a z @ r t k o l s l a a n t A l a p @ s t a r t j @
A	a	omdat Deborah	O m d A t d @ b O r A
Au	au auw ou ouw	augustus baukje krakau algauw ouder behou aanbouw	Au x Y s t Y s b Au k j @ k r a k Au A l x Au Au d @ r b @ h Au a n b Au
b1	b bb p	bijvoorbeeld dubbel stropdas	b Ei v o r b e l t d Y b @ l s t r O b d A s
d	d dd	dekmantel verder dekbedden	d E k m A n t @ l v E r d @ r d E g b E d @
e	e ee	elastiek ijdelheden eender wanneer gedwee	e l A s t i k Ei d @ l h e d @ e n d @ r w A n e r x @ d w e
E	e	enkele ballet	E N k @ l @ b a l E t
Ei	ei ij	dweil aardbei terwijl dichterbij	d w Ei l a r d b Ei t @ r w Ei l d I x t @ r b Ei
@	e en	ezeltje selectie bedanken	e z @ l t j @ s @ l E k s i b @ d a N k @
2	eu oe ö	gebeurt apneu foetus föhn	G @ b 2 r t a p n 2 f 2 t Y s f 2 n
f	f ff	fotograaf zelfs effect	f o t o G r a f z E l f s E f E k t
x	g ch	gierig weinig chemie doch	x i r @ x w Ei n @ x x e m i d O x
g	g k	glamour bingo beschikbaar lobroekdok	g l E m @ r b I N g o b @ s x I g b a r l o b r u g d O k
G2	g	gebouwd aandachtige	G @ b Au t a n d A x t @ G @
Z	g j s	genie original journalist yuji visual	Z @ n i o r i Z i n e l Z u r n A l I s t j u d Z i v I Z u w @ l
h	h	hoewel aangelegenheid	h u w E l a N G @ l e G @ h Ei t
i	i ie	initiatie taxi iedere aanbieden	i n i t s j a t s i t A k s i i d @ r @ a m b i d @
I	i	inkomen richting	I N k o m @ r I x t I N
j	i j -	kraait kantenmaaier jaren project fantasieën kiosken	k r a j t k A n t @ m a j @ r j a r @ n p r o j E k t f A n t a z i j @ k i j O s k @
k	c ck k kk	cabine videocamera chic hockey truck kerk aanbakken	k a b i n @ v i d e j o k a m @ r a S i k h O k i t r Y k k E r k a m b A k @
l	l ll	lade plaats meewil aantalle	l a d @ p l a t s m e w I l a n t A l @
m	m mm	mensen natuurmuseum afklemmen	m E n s @ n n a t y r m y z e j Y m A f k l e m @
n	n nn	neerslag bekend cameraman zonnig	n e r s l A x b @ k E n t k a m @ r a m A n z O n @ x
N	ng n	mededinger koning denken	m e d @ d I N @ r k o n I N d E N k @
o	o oo	opendoet solo oorkonde soorten	o p @ n d u t s o l o o r k O n d @ s o r t @
O	o	onder aankloppen	O n d @ r a n k l O p @
u	oe ou u	oefenen groepen gedoe bourbon computer	u f @ n @ G r u p @ n x @ d u b u r b O n k O m p j u t @ r
p	p pp b	paniek bepaalde wetenschap kloppen doorhebt club	p a n i k b @ p a l d @ w e t @ s x A p k l O p @ d o r h E p t k l Y p
r3	r rr	raadgever waardoor concurrent	r a t x e v @ r w a r d o r k O N k y r E n t
s	s ss c	semester fiets aanpassen cinema accepteren	s e m E s t @ r f i t s a n p A s @ n s i n @ m a A k s E p t e r @
S	sj ti sh ch	sjouwen artisjok fiction carwash chocolade	S Au w @ A r t i S O k f I k S @ n k A r w O S S o k o l a d @
t	d t tt	landgraaf gebied taak dokter macht afzetten	l A n t x r a f G @ b i t t a k d O k T @ r m A x t a f s E t @
y	u uu	universiteit muziek menu uur excuus	y n i v @ r z i t Ei t m y z i k m E n y y r E k s k y s
Y	u	ukken tussen	Y k @ n t Y s @ n
9y	eu ui	euforie therapeutisch uitspookte gebruik lui	9y f o r i t e r a p 9y t i s 9y t s p o k t @ x @ b r 9y k l 9y
v	v f	vrijwel gaver twaalfde	v r Ei w E l x a v @ r t w a l v d @
w	w	waren duwen	w a r @ n d y w @ n
z	z zz s	zes gezien puzzel aanpasbaar	z E s G @ z i n p Y z @ l a n p A z b a r
A:4	a	after passport	A: f t @ r p A: s p O r t
A~	an en	anciens alençon	A~ s j E~ a l A~ s O~
9:	e eu i o u	commerce villeneuve bird worth burns	k O m 9: r s v i l @ n 9: v @ b 9: r t w 9: r t b 9: r n s
E~	ain en in	américain anciens cousin	a m e r i k E~ A~ s j E~ k u z E~
E:	ai è ê ei	populair ampère frêle beige	p o p y l E: r A m p E: r f r E: l @ b E: Z @
J	gn n ni nj ñ	campagne newhall cuisinier oranje niño	k A m p A J @ J u w h O: l k w i z i J e o r A J @ n i J o
O~	on ont	avignon montluçon	a v i J O~ m O~ l y s O~
O:	a aw o oa ou	hall crawford force keyboard four	h O: l k r O: f @ r t f O: r s k i b O: r t f O: r

Footnotes

1. Due to regressive voice assimilation, voiceless consonants /p t k f s x/ can be pronounced as their voiced counterparts /b d g v z G/ when followed by a voiced consonant, and the reverse is also possible. This can occur even across word boundaries. Therefore, both voiced and voiceless variants should be included in the phonemic representation of a word if it ends with one of these consonants. For example: “arbeid A r b Ei t” and “arbeid A r b Ei d”, or “straat s t r a t” and “straat s t r a d”. This is because the final consonant may be followed by either a voiced or voiceless consonant in the next word. ↩

2. In some dialects, e.g., the Flanders, this is a separate phoneme, voiced velar fricative, pronounced differently from /x/. In some dialects it is only a variant of /x/ when followed by a voiced sound (see note at phoneme /b/). ↩

3. The phoneme /r/ covers various regional variants. ↩

4. The phonemes /A:, A~, 9:, E~, E:, J, O~, O:/ are present in loanwords. ↩